Traditional fans hold a special place in Japanese culture but are still very much in use today. Aside from their practical use as an accessory to keep you cool, they are also loved for their symbolic and cultural meaning.
Types of Japanese fan
There are two types of Japanese fan in common use: the ‘uchiwa’ (団扇) paddle fan and the folding ‘sensu’ (扇子) fan.
Uchiwa fans
An ‘uchiwa’ fan is a rigid, non-folding fan, typically round or oval in shape, with a handle. It looks a little like a table tennis paddle and is sometimes known as a 'paddle fan'.
Traditionally, this type of fan is made from bamboo and paper but modern versions, particularly those given away as promotional gifts, can be plastic.
In Japan, uchiwa fans are commonly used at home, summer festivals, fireworks displays and sporting events. Since they can be made quite cheaply, they make good promotional items, given out free at events and exhibitions and printed with advertisements or the name of the event sponsor.
But even with their commercial usage, this type of fan is seen as a very traditionally Japanese item and, although they have day-to-day usage for keeping cool, they are also used in cultural performances like Noh and Kabuki theatre, as well as in religious ceremonies.
Sensu fans
Most non-Japanese people are probably more familiar with the sensu folding fan. This type of Japanese fan is made from thin strips of wood or bamboo with a paper or silk covering, fixed at the end so that it folds out into a beautiful arc.
High-quality expensive sensu may use silk and lacquered wood while everyday versions will be made from paper and bamboo.
Just like uchiwa fans, folding fans are carried for personal cooling, as part of traditional attire like kimono and summer yukata, and in dance performances. However, they tend to be more portable than uchiwa fans and can easily be carried in a bag or pocket, making them practical for daily use when out and about.
Culturally, sensu fans represent elegance and grace, often forming a part of traditional Japanese buyō dance and the tea ceremony.
Symbolism and cultural importance
Japanese fans are often adorned with beautiful designs including landscapes, flowers, birds and calligraphy. These decorations can carry symbolic meanings, such as cherry blossoms representing the fleeting nature of life. The designs may be tied to the season or, particularly apt for summer, depict scenes to make you feel cool or remind you of fresher times such as spring and winter.
Uchiwa fans are likely to be a little less formal, especially those for festivals and events, and feature fun, colourful designs or characters from Japanese folklore.
In Japan, both men and women carry fans, especially in summer of course as they provide relief from the heat. It’s common to see them carried and being used at summer ‘matsuri’ festivals and ‘hanabi’ fireworks displays.
But as well as this everyday usage, fans are an integral part of traditional Japanese performance art. This might be used in dance, tea ceremonies or Noh and Kabuki theatre performances where they are used to represent elements such as the wind, water or even a specific character.
Because of their significance, fans are popular gifts in Japan, symbolizing good fortune and prosperity. They are often given during important life events, such as weddings and births and may be decorated with calligraphy or paintings. Many tourists buy them as souvenires of their trip to Japan.
Origins
The folding fan is believed to have originated in Japan around the 7th century, though non-folding fans have a much older history in various cultures.
Japanese fans were introduced to China, Korea and other parts of Asia eventually turning up in Europe. This global spread has, unsurprisingly, had an influence on fan design and their use globally.
Modern Use
Despite their historical origins and cultural significance, modern Japanese people still use fans in a very practical way especially during the hot and humid summer months. While air conditioning is prevalent in modern cities and large buildings, fans remain a convenient and eco-friendly way to stay cool.
Aside from its practical use however, a fan also enhances the overall aesthetic of traditional Japanese clothing which is still worn for important life events such as weddings and special celebrations.
A fan, especially the sensu folding type, is a traditional accessory when wearing a kimono or informal summer yukata. They add a touch of elegance and are often chosen to match the colour and pattern of the outfit.
However, as well as continuing the traditional aesthetic, contemporary designers create fans with modern prints, artistic designs and using innovative materials, making them distinctive modern accessories.
Fans with trendy designs can be seen in urban settings and are used by both young and older generations.
Can I use a Japanese fan if I’m not in Japan?
Of course you can! I happen to think that a fan makes a great accessory to carry around just in case you feel the need to cool down.
In hot weather, a stylish fan can be both practical and make a fashion statement, especially at outdoor events or while commuting on crowded trains and buses. And it’s great fun to match it to your outfit no matter how formal or casual you feel.
Here are some ways you might want to incorporate a fan into your outfit:
Colour matching
If you like a harmonious look, choose a fan that includes the same tones and colours as what you’re wearing. Alternatively, a fan with contrasting colours can make a bold statement. A vibrant red or black fan against a white dress will add a striking focal point.
Dress for the occasion
High-quality fans made of silk or other fine fabrics make an elegant addition to a formal outfit and add a touch of Japanese flair. However, everyday sensu or uchiwa fans made of paper and bamboo are perfect for casual wear and make a handy but cute accessory for festivals and other summer events.
Creative expression
Carrying a fan is a fun way to add a personal touch to your look while staying cool and comfortable. It can even be an expression of your individual style and highlight your appreciation of Japanese culture.
Indeed, as people become more interested in global cultures, incorporating elements like a Japanese fan into Western fashion gives a unique and sophisticated touch.
Purely practical
Without the need for batteries or power, a handheld fan is the perfect environmentally friendly way to stay cool in the height of summer. It’s also good for hot venues and crowded situations as it’s light weight and easy to whip out when needed.
At outdoor festivals in particular, it can be difficult to find shade and so a pretty fan is a great way to shield your face and eyes from hot sun until you’re able to find a more comfortable spot.
With their blend of practicality and aesthetic appeal, fans have the potential to become a popular accessory in Western fashion. By leveraging their cultural richness and modern design possibilities, fans can transcend their traditional use and become a fashionable, functional, and eco-friendly accessory.
In summary, fans in Japanese culture are much more than just tools for cooling off; they are rich in history, symbolism, and artistry. While reflecting the elegance and depth of Japanese tradition, they are still a stylish and relevant item to carry with a very practical function, a blend that characterizes many aspects of Japanese life.